解:
$ (1)$因为$a = n^2,$$b = 2n - 1,$
所以$a - b = n^2 - (2n - 1) = n^2 - 2n + 1 = (n - 1)^2。$
$ $因为$n$是不等于$1$的任意有理数,
所以$(n - 1)^2 > 0,$所以$a > b。$
$ (2)$因为$M = (2a + b)(a - 2b),$$N = (a + 3b)(a - 2b),$
$ $所以$M - N = (2a + b)(a - 2b) - (a + 3b)(a - 2b) $
$= 2a^2 - 4ab + ab - 2b^2 - a^2 + 2ab - 3ab + 6b^2 $
$= a^2 - 4ab + 4b^2 = (a - 2b)^2。$
$ $因为$(a - 2b)^2 ≥ 0,$
所以$M ≥ N。$